Can the establishment of a nation based on religious or historical claims be justified in a modern, multicultural world?

Not at all, especially in the context of Israel, which staked a claimed to a land that they had no claim to. Israel is a theocratic apartheid state that prioritizes Israeli Jews over the rest of their population. this is unacceptable.

No , it cannot because that was how it was a long time ago and that didn't work out so well

The establishment of a state based on religion and historical claims has been seen many times around the world. Israel is not the only country; other Muslim countries, like Pakistan, were founded for the cause of Islam. Other countries have been founded based on religions such as Christianity, like the US and other English-speaking countries.